TGFB1 and melanoma: Several genes encoding proteins involved in proliferation and invasiveness were up-regulated in the monolayers, including CCND1, GLI2, CTGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, S100A4, TGFB1 and HMGA2. It has been shown that CTGF promotes melanoma cell invasion and migration [31], with CTGF inhibition resulting in the opposite effects and reduced MMP-9 expression [32].