Surprisingly, BBMD3 dramatically increased the phosphorylation (active form) of both of the JNK isoforms in the neurosphere cultures derived from all four GBM patients (Fig. 6B); suggesting that the up-regulation of the JNK signaling pathway mediates the cytotoxic response exhibited by the neurosphere derived cells following incubation with BBMD3. Here, MAPK8 is linked to glioblastoma.