Our results showed a general down regulation in expression of cytokines and chemokines, specifically for IL2, IL3, IL4, IL5, IL8, IL9, IL10 and IL13. However, elevated cytokines including IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL13, IL18, TNFα (TNFA), IFNγ (IFNG), TGFβ (TGFB), CCL2 and CCL3 have been reported in patients with DHF [53], [54], [57], [61]–[64]. Here, IL18 is linked to Dengue hemorrhagic fever.