TNF, a cytokine that classically induces NF-κb activation, plays a role in promoting tumor progression by inducing monocytes to produce M-CSF (136) and by stimulating, together with IFNγ, expression of the negative costimulatory molecule PDL-1 (B7-H1) on macrophages (137), leading to suppressed cytotoxic T-cell responses (138). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and neoplasm.