IGF1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Introduction of IGF-1 into the deep cerebellar nuclei, a region of the cerebellum with extensive brainstem and spinal cord connection, via AAV suggested that the reduction of ALS pathology was due in part to its activity on non-neuronal cells in the CNS (Dodge et al., 2008) as it attenuated the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide.