At 2–1/2 hr of infection, we found no difference in bacterial survival in the Toca-1 KD versus Toca-1+/+ cells for either the wild type or the ΔicsB strain (Fig. 8B), indicating that absence of Toca-1 does not alter Shigella survival and lending support to the possibility that LC3 recruitment early during infection may be indicative of either LC3-associated phagocytosis or an autophagy pathway directed against membrane remnants that does not target bacteria directly for destruction. Here, MAP1LC3A is linked to infection.