This lends further support to our conclusion that the process described herein represents IcsB inhibition of an LC3-associated phagocytosis-like process and provides support to the idea that, during infection by Shigella, Burkholderia, and possibly other pathogens, LC3-associated phagocytosis may be the same process as LC3 recognition of vacuolar membrane remnants. The gene discussed is MAP1LC3A; the disease is infection.