Hence, it was supposed that neuroprotective cytokines secreted by exogenous NSCs, host stem cells, and/or other cells, such as VEGF, BDNF, NGF, and neurotrophins, might play pivotal roles in functional recovery after ischemic stroke directly or indirectly via angiogenesis, immunomodulation, endogenous neurogenesis, and so forth [96–98]. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and ischemic stroke.