Kurnik et al. [124] randomized 247 patients with CKD who were undergoing radiographic procedures which required contrast media administration to receive intravenous 0.45% saline for 12 h before and after the procedure or a combination of saline and one among three different rates of ANP infusion (0.01 μg/kg/min, 0.05 μg/kg/min, or 0.1 μg/kg/min) for 30 min before and continuing for 30 min after the procedure. Here, NPPA is linked to chronic kidney disease.