Studies showed that activation of TLR2 (8), TLR3 (32), or TLR9 (33) by their cognate ligands in the presence of β cell antigens or DAMPs give rise to T1D development, whereas TLR stimulation in the absence of β cell antigens results in tolerogenic immune responses (11, 34–36). The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.