INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A follow-up clinical trial lasting almost 5 years (average 29.8 months) showed that peripheral venous transplantation of autologous HSC joint with immune intervention therapy can improve the islet function of new developed T1D patients; 20 cases (23 cases in total) stopped exogenous insulin treatment, and 12 patients had discontinued insulin for ≥31 months (19,20).