TF and Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Extracellular PDI has been shown to activate tissue factor (TF) [112], inducing intravascular coagulation, which may subsequently lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) through depletion of platelets and clotting factors, resulting in haemorrhaging [113]–[116]; DIC has been observed in many CCHF patients [31]–[33], [117].