TNF and hantavirus infectious disease: Sundstrom et al. also reported that no virus-specific cytokines/chemokines, including TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, were detected at either the protein or message level in hantavirus-infected human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-Ls), but the expression of CCL5, which is predominantly chemotactic for mononuclear leukocytes, was enhanced by hantavirus infection [13].