TGFB1 and fibrosis: Infection by S. mansoni eggs results in a granuloma-associated fibrosis that, in contrast to injury-induced fibrosis, appears to be driven by the Th2 cytokine IL-13, with little-to-no role for the traditional fibrotic stimulant TGFβ1 (Chiaramonte et al., 2001; Kaviratne et al., 2004; Wynn, 2004).