Very recent research has now shown a role for PTPN2 in autophagy with siRNA knockdown in IECs reducing autophagosome formation as well as autophagy induction as determined by persisting Listeria infection; this was replicated in colonic lamina propria fibroblasts from patients with CD carrying the PTPN2 variant [147]. Here, PTPN2 is linked to Cowden disease.