VCAM1 and Hypoglycemia: In addition, the expression of Nrf-2 and release of interleukin-6 and PDGF-BB, were down-regulated by hypoglycemia (but not hyperglycemia), while both conditions induced a marginal and transient increase in VCAM-1 expression from 3 to 24h, including a significant increase in VE-cadherin expression at 3 h following hyperglycemia.