Moreover, our data indicate disruption and relocation of VE-cadherin with a concomitant increase in the soluble VCAM-1 expression, by hypo and hyperglycemia in hCMEC/D3 cells, effects that are critical to progression of BBB inflammation and augmented leukocyte infiltration in diabetes [31,59,66,67]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.