VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: On account of the fact that both inflammation and oxidative damage are primary risk factors for the vascular endothelium remodeling, the expression of TNF-α (Figure 4(a)) and VCAM-1 (Figure 4(b)) was examined with immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining, which showed a significant increase in aortic tunica media of T2DM mice, an effect that was completely prevented by 4-month SFN treatment.