TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In the present study we demonstrated the diabetic induction of aortic inflammation, shown by increased expression of TNF-α (Figure 4(a)), VACM-1 (Figure 4(b)) in the aorta of T2DM, which was accompanied with increased aortic oxidative stress (3-NT (Figure 5(a)) and 4-HNE (Figure 5(b))), apoptotic cell death (TUNEL (Figure 6(a))), cell proliferation (PCNA (Figure 6(b))), and remodeling (CTGF (Figure 3(a)) and TGF-β1 (Figure 3(b))) in T2DM group.