Possibly, there is an unusually strong maternal placental response in HIV-infected and ART-treated pregnant women, including substantial placental production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-8 [36], [37]; which could in association with parasitic infestation (for example malaria) affect fetal growth [24]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to malaria.