These approaches included: (i) testing GPs behaviourally for tinnitus with our Preyer reflex variation of the widely used gap detection method (Berger et al., 2013); (ii) collecting ABR data before and after noise exposure to measure acoustic thresholds and assess changes in waveform characteristics; (iii) examining spontaneous firing rates (SFRs) and burst firing in neurons of the IC; and (iv) examining changes in NOS expression in the cochlear nucleus. Here, NOS1 is linked to Tinnitus.