TNF and dengue disease: To confirm the role of TNF-α in our mouse model of enhanced dengue disease severity, DENV2-infected mice born to DENV1 immune mothers were administered with anti-TNFα blocking antibodies at day 1 and 2 p.i. Survival rates were monitored and indicated that anti-TNFα antibody treatment delayed the animals' death significantly compared to untreated animals and compared to mice treated with an isotype antibody control, with survival means of 13, 6 and 6 days respectively (Fig. 6A).