ATR and viral infectious disease: This finding of pathogen-induced γ-H2AX accumulation in Arabidopsis atr atm double mutants is supported by a recent discovery made using primary cultures of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, where knockdown of all three major phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like kinases (ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs) did not abolish the activation of γ-H2AX during viral infection by BKPyV [88].