HP and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: The median (interquartile range) plasma haptoglobin concentration in children with severe malaria and respiratory distress (10 406 [5267–38 597] ng/mL) was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that in children with severe pneumonia (2 618 150 [1 800 000–4 400 000] ng/mL [P < .001]; Supplementary Figure 7).