TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: Our study also demonstrated for the first time that treatment with BL153 significantly ameliorated HFD-induced cardiac inflammatory responses including decreases of PAI-1, TNF-α, and ICAM-1 expression (Figure 3) and oxidative stress including decreases of 3-NT, 4-HNE, and MDA accumulation (Figure 4) and consequently prevented HFD-induced mild cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac function changes (Table 1).