A wide range of cytokines and chemokines (IL-1, IL-9, IL-15, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL2/MIP-1α, CCL5/RANTES, VEGF, IL-6, CXCL8/IL-8, IL-17, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL3/MIP-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were tested for correlation with lupus activity by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-1) [39]. Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.