VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: The measurement of the serum levels of endothelium-derived cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), such as endothelin-1 (ET-1), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), E-selectin and von Willebrand factor, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation, in addition to widely used indirect methods are employed to estimate the degree of endothelial dysfunction [56].