Overexpression or suppression of PDE6D expression led to changes in cGMP levels, rate of proliferation, and state of ERK phosphorylation, suggesting that alterations in PDE6D expression and its consequent effects on PDE6 activity may be a causative factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Nikolova, et al. 2010). This evidence concerns the gene PDE6D and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.