These data are consistent with the findings that metformin inhibited endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis, an effect that was partially AMPK dependent 45, reduced the sizes and number of mammospheres and expression of the estrogen receptor-mediated OCT4 in human breast carcinoma stem cells 46, and inhibited the anti-inflammatory response associated with cellular transformation and cancer stem cell growth 47. The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is breast carcinoma.