NFE2L2 and squamous cell lung carcinoma: Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers (2012) has identified mutations in NRF2, KEAP1, or CUL3 in 34% of 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas. According to the COSMIC database (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cancergenome/projects/cosmic/), there have been 219 non-synonymous mutations found in the NRF2 gene, of which 84% are found in or adjacent to either the “DLG” or “ETGE” motifs. In one study in which NRF2 was found to be mutated in 12% of lung cancer patients, all 14 mutations identified were in either the “DLG” or “ETGE” motifs (Shibata et al., 2008b).