Among these Ser/Thr kinases, p70-S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1), extracellular signal regulated kinase-1 (ERK1), and inhibitor of NF-κB kinase β (IKKβ) have all been implicated in insulin resistance [89]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and Insulin resistance.