ACE and kidney failure: Studies by van Dijk et al. [22] and Saggar-Malik et al. [38] examined the effects of a polymorphism in the angiotensin and ACE genes on renal function in ADPKD patients and demonstrated no influence of such polymorphisms on creatinine level, creatinine clearance, incidence of cardiovascular complications, development of arterial hypertension, nor duration in which the patients developed renal failure.