TGFB1 and coinfection: Compared to P. berghei-mono, mice in the co-infection-100c group had significantly lower levels of IFN-γ on days 5 and 8 pi and higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TGF-β on days 3, 5, and 8 pi, while no significant changes in IL-10 levels were observed between the two groups.