Previous reports[22] have indicated the role of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in response to co-infections with Plasmodium and Schistosoma. Wang et al. also documented an increase in Th2 cytokines and decline in Th1 cytokines concomitant with S. japonicum infection[15]. The gene discussed is NELFCD; the disease is coinfection.