In vitro studies have also shown that A. alternata extracts induce the recruitment of eosinophils, induce interferon-y, IL-5 and IL-13 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells[20,28]; and regulates the expression of surfactant protein D and LL-37 in fungal sensitized CRS patients[29,30]. Here, SFTPD is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.