In summary, at the onset of T1DM, adenovirus-mediated IL-10 and/or IGF-1 intervention enhanced expression of IL-10 and/or IGF-1 in pancreas and serum, which in turn increased the expression of protective Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in pancreatic β-cells, reduced the level of destructive Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ) in pancreatic β-cells, and increased serum C-peptide level, thus exerting their protective function and rebalancing Th1/Th2 subset cells in pancreatic β-cells. Here, IGF1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.