INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Over the years, people have been committed to study T1D pathogenesis and prevention methods and gradually realized that the ultimate goal for function reconstruction of endogenous islet β-cells is to find interventions such as antigen-specific ones (insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase), antibody-dependent ones (anti-CD3 and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies), immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporin and azathioprine), cytokines (IL-10, IGF-1), etc, to protect islet β-cells.