PTEN and cancer: For example, in PTEN transgenic mouse, PTEN overexpression results in decreased c-Myc levels, mimics an ‘anti-Warburg effect state' and confers cancer resistance in vivo by negatively regulating the PI3-K/Akt-dependent pathway.31 This highlights the relationship between PI3-K/Akt and c-Myc in metabolic reprogramming in cancer.32