PEA15 and cancer: PEA-15 has now been described as both tumour suppressor and promoter due to its inhibition of proliferation and invasion of some cancerous cells (Glading et al., 2007, Bartholomeusz et al., 2008, Gawecka et al., 2012) as well as its upregulation and involvement in resistance to tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in several cancer types (Stassi et al., 2005, Garofalo et al., 2007, Heikaus et al., 2008, Zanca et al., 2008).