Analysis of liver gene expression profile in acute HBV-induced liver failure patients also showed increased macrophage infiltration (CD68 upregulation), up-regulation of M2-like macrophage genes (IL10RA - Interleukin 10 receptor alpha subunit, Dectin-1, CD163, CD163L1, MRC1 (CD206) - C-type mannose receptor 1, MRC2 - C-type mannose receptor 2, AMAC1 - alternative macrophage activation-associated CC chemokine-1, IL10, B7-H4) and down-regulation or no change of M1-like macrophage genes (TNFα, iNOS, IL12p40) in HBV infected patients compared to healthy controls (Figure S8, S9) [8], [9]. This evidence concerns the gene CD163 and liver failure.