VCAM1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: VCAM-1 and E-selectin have been found to be elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).1,2 Some, but not all studies, have also found correlations with disease activity and particular disease phenotypes.3,4 For example, VCAM-1 appears to be of particular interest in renal disease, as raised levels have been found in active nephritis.5,6 In contrast, E-selectin levels have been less consistently associated with disease activity.