PDGFD and prostate carcinoma: In pancreatic cancer, by activating the Notch and NF-κB signaling pathways, PDGF-D enhanced tumor growth, promoted cellular invasion and decreased apoptosis [15]; and over-expression of PDGF-D also led to higher invasiveness in prostate cancer cells, through up-regulating the mTOR pathway (via targeting S6K and 4E-BP1) and down-regulating phosphorylation of Akt [22].