CD38 and infection: There were significantly more CD38+ cells in the minor and severe infection groups than in the healthy and silent infection groups among CD8+ cells (CD4+: 5.13 and 9.14 vs. 1.67 and 2.49, respectively, p < 0.001; CD8+: 4.28 and 12.90 vs. 1.03 and 0.75, respectively, p < 0.001; Figure 2).