Examination of kidney sections by light microscopy revealed that SNx surgery was associated with an expected increase in glomerulosclerosis (Figure 3A–E) and tubulointerstitial collagen IV deposition (Figure 3F–J), with both of these indicators of renal fibrosis being augmented with CXCR4 antagonism in SNx rats (Figure 3). Here, CXCR4 is linked to glomerulosclerosis.