VWF and cardiovascular disorder: C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation that is particularly strongly linked to fatal CHD in older adults,4 von Willebrand factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial dysfunction; D-dimer, a marker of fibrinolytic activity; and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a marker of cardiac injury, are all associated with PA levels5–8 and prospectively associated with CHD9–11 or cardiovascular disease (CVD)6 and heart failure12 in healthy older adults.