CTBP1 and cancer: Intracellular increase in cAMP and activated protein kinase A (PKA) downstream of β-ARs additionally regulate the synthesis and release of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) [51], amphiregulin [52] vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [53] and arachidonic acid (AA) [14], all of which are important mediators of malignant potential in numerous cancers, including NSCLC.