MMP2 and neoplasm: To investigate the underlying mechanisms of NCTD effects on tumor growth and VM of human GBCs in vitro and in vivo, in this study we explored the regulation effect of NCTD on the PI3-K/MMPs/Ln-5γ2 signaling pathway i.e., expression of VM signaling-related markers PI3-K, MMP-2, MT1-MMP and Ln-5γ2 in vitro and in vivo.