MMP2 and gallbladder carcinoma: We previously reported that highly aggressive GBC-SD cells overexpressed MMP-2, MT1-MMP, PI3-K and Ln-5γ2 formed in vitro and in vivo VM networks through the activation of the PI3-K/MMPs/Ln-5γ2 signaling pathway, the PI3-K/MMPs/Ln-5γ2 signaling pathway contributed to vasculogenic mimicry of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells in vitro and in vivo, and TIMP-2 effectively inhibit expression of these VM signaling-related markers, thus inhibiting VM of GBC-SD cells in vitro and in vivo[22].