TIMP2 and neoplasm: The results showed that NCTD, similarly to TIMP-2, not only inhibited the VM formation of GBC-SD cells and xenografts, but also downregulated expression of PI3-K, MMP-2, MT1-MMP and Ln-5γ2 in vitro and in vivo; therefore, served as a disproof that NCTD inhibits tumor growth and VM of human GBCs by suppression of the PI3-K/MMPs/ Ln-5γ2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.