Infection with VV-A resulted in low levels of eIF2α phosphorylation, similar to that detected in VV-βg infected PRO1190 cells (Fig. 6, compare lanes 2 and 5), indicating that RhTRS1 amplification is sufficient to completely inhibit PKR-mediated translational shutdown at a stage after PKR phosphorylation. This evidence concerns the gene EIF2A and infection.