CaMKIIδ protein expression and activity are increased in dogs with pacing-induced atrial tachycardia remodeling (Wakili et al., 2010), goats with long-standing AF (Greiser et al., 2009), and patients with chronic AF (cAF); (Tessier et al., 1999; Neef et al., 2010; Voigt et al., 2012), suggesting that increased CaMKII function can be a consequence of AF. This evidence concerns the gene CAMK2G and atrial tachycardia.