Atrial CaMKII activity is also increased in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced heart failure (Yeh et al., 2008), and in goats with atrial dilatation (Greiser et al., 2009), suggesting that CaMKII can be activated by AF-enabling cardiac pathologies, potentially contributing to the evolution of a vulnerable substrate for AF initiation. This evidence concerns the gene CAMK2G and atrial fibrillation.