TNF and brain ischemia: Furthermore, target genes of NF-κB have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1, MMP9, COX-2, and iNOS (Baeuerle and Henkel, 1994; Allan et al., 2005; Kaltschmidt et al., 2005; Harari and Liao, 2010).