MAPK9 and myopathy: There were also a range of pathway changes that have been identified in other myopathies with rimmed vacuoles such as; SAPK/JNK apoptosis- [21], p70S6K- [22], [23], protein ubiquitination- [23], [24] and mitochondrial dysfunction- [24], [25] signalling (Fig. 2B, 2C, & 2D).