TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1α which have been implicated in human IBD and IBD-associated colorectal carcinogenesis, also largely dictate the outcome of AOM/DSS-induced pathology (Becker et al., 2004; Van Hauwermeiren et al., 2013; Bersudsky et al., in press).