As reproductive endocrine conditions can be broadly categorized into those with pathologically diminished (delayed puberty, hypothalamic amenorrhoea, hypogonadism in diabetes) and pathologically enhanced (polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), menopause, precocious puberty) GnRH and associated gonadotrophin pulsatility, the newly discovered hypothalamic peptides kisspeptin and neurokinin B offer a novel therapeutic approach with potential advantages over the existing therapies in several clinical contexts (Fig. 4). Here, GNRH1 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.