The increased IFN-γ response seen in this analysis is consistent with other human studies.19 A transcriptional analysis of the peripheral blood of patients with acute typhoid fever also showed increased expression of genes associated with a response to IFN-γ compared with healthy controls.20 Using an ELISPOT assay, we found that the majority of the target antigens, including FliC and fimbria-associated proteins, induced a significant increase in IFN-γ responses in both acute and convalescent phases of infection compared with healthy controls. Here, IFNG is linked to infection.