TGFA and ischemia: In this experimental study, a total of 48 male Wistar ratswere divided into the following groups: surgical (n=12), phosphate buffered saline(PBS) treated vehicle shams (n=12), ischemia (n=12) and treatment (n=12) groups.Ischemia was induced by common carotid occlusion for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion, and TGF-α was then injected into the right lateral ventricle.